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The dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) represents a remarkable model of physiological and anatomical adaptation to extreme environments. While many researchers have focused on its unique metabolic and water-conserving abilities, the neuroscience underlying these adaptations particularly important unexplored. This study reviews the latest findings in the anatomy, histology, and embryology of the dromedary nervous system. It highlights the gross and comparative neuroanatomy, emphasizing distinctive features of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including the complex cerebral vasculature. Histological studies demonstrate a diverse array of neuronal and glial cell types in the caudate nucleus, cerebellum, and spinal trigeminal nucleus, reflecting advanced neural processing. Furthermore, embryological investigations trace the development of the nervous system from neurulation and the formation of brain vesicles. Finally, this review connects these neurobiological features to the camel's unique adaptations, such as thermoregulation and pain perception, and discusses the implications of emerging technologies like nanobody-based therapies derived from camelids for treating neurological disorders. This comprehensive overview underscores the camel as a vital subject for neuroscientific research, offering novel perspectives on neural structure, function, and evolution in response to environmental pressures.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are important pathogens of fish, causing chronic infections that are difficult to control in aquaculture. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial activity of twelve plant-derived compounds against six fish-associated NTM strains using a broth microdilution assay. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranged from 0.25 to >32 µg/mL. Our results demonstrated that cinnamaldehyde exhibited the strongest antimycobacterial effect, followed by sesamol and farnesol, while several other phytochemicals showed moderate activity and salicylic acid was inactive. These findings highlight the potential of selected plant-derived compounds, particularly cinnamaldehyde, as promising candidates for alternative or adjunctive strategies against fish mycobacteriosis.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Myrtus communis (MC) extract on oxidative stress, inflammation, and alveolar bone loss in ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. Forty-two adult male Wistar Albino rats were randomly divided into six groups: Control (C); Periodontitis (P); Periodontitis + MC via gastric gavage (P+GG+MC); Periodontitis + MC via intraoral application (P+IO+MC); Periodontitis + chlorhexidine (P+CHX); and Periodontitis + MC via both gastric gavage and intraoral application (P+GG+IO+MC). Serum oxidative stress markers (TOS, TAS), inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MMP-8, MMP-9), bone morphometry using micro-CT, and histopathological analyses (RANKL, ICD) were evaluated. The lowest ICD levels were observed in the P+CHX group, while RANKL activity was highest in the P group. TAS levels were significantly higher in the P+GG+MC group compared to the P, P+IO+MC, and P+GG+IO+MC groups, while TOS levels were highest in the P group. Bone quantity tended to be greater in the P+GG+MC group compared to other groups, whereas the bone ratio was higher in the P+CHX group. MMP-8 levels were significantly lower in the P+GG+MC group compared to all other groups. In conclusion, the obtained data indicate that Myrtus communis extract, particularly via systemic administration, may serve as an adjuvant treatment option by preventing alveolar bone loss through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Pasteurella multocida is primarily recognized as a respiratory pathogen in various animal species. However, sporadic cases of zoonotic infection in humans have also been reported. Understanding the distribution of capsular type is important for improving treatment strategies and developing preventive measures. This study aimed to determine the capsular type and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of P. multocida isolates obtained from cattle. P. multocida isolates from 650 cattle samples were initially identified by conventional phenotypic methods and subsequently confirmed by PCR. Capsular type of the isolates was performed using a slide agglutination test and PCR-based capsular genotyping. Of the 48 P. multocida strains typed by slide agglutination test, 46 (95.8%) were classified as capsular type A, while 2 strains remained untypeable. Genotypic analysis confirmed all isolates as P. multocida via PCR targeting the KMT1 and OMP genes. PCR-based capsular genotyping revealed that all 48 isolates belonged to capsular type A. Accordingly, the highest NS rate was observed for OXY (39.6%, 19/48), followed by SXT (22.9%, 11/48), PEN (20.8%, 10/48), and AMC (8.3%, 4/48). Erythromycin was the least effective antimicrobial agent, with a susceptibility rate of 50.0% (24/48) and a resistance rate of 20.8% (10/48). Determining the capsular type and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of P. multocida isolates may contribute to epidemiological studies and support the development of appropriate treatment strategies. However, further research is needed to elucidate the epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics of P. multocida

Migratory birds are a source of natural beauty and help in maintaining ecosystems, pest control, and pollination. However, like other pathogens, gastrointestinal (GI) parasites residing within migratory birds consequently contaminate environment through their droppings. The study was aimed to identify and estimate the prevalence and spatial distribution of GI parasites in migratory birds. To do this, 265 fecal samples were collected, (Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) Lake, Dhaka: 203), (Tanguar Haor, Sunamganj: 62), from October 2022 to March 2023. Samples were processed and examined using flotation and sedimentation techniques. Overall prevalence of parasites was 19.2% (51 out of 265). Parasites belonging to ten genera were identified, such as Ascarid (2.3%), Capillaria (2.3%), Echinuria (0.8%), Heterakis (0.8%), nematode larva (3.4%), Strongyloides (1.9%), Tetrameres (0.8%), Echinostome (4.5%), Raillietina (1.1%), Eimeria (2.6%) and Isospora (2.3%). We detected the highest infections caused by nematodes (10.9%), followed by protozoa (4.9%), trematodes (4.5%), and cestodes (1.1%). Infections were almost equal in Tanguar Haor (19.4%) and BLRI lake (19.2%). Statistically significant variation among nematode, trematode, cestode and protozoan infections were detected in BLRI (p˂0.001) but insignificant (p˃0.05) in Tanguar haor. Most importantly, we also detected zoonotic parasites (4.5%), suggesting potential zoonotic relevance. The government should circulate strict guidelines regarding hygienic measures while visiting areas densely populated with migratory birds.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of individual types of canine hip dysplasia during 25 years of breeding the Hovawart breed in the Czech Republic and to determine the effect of negative selection on the subsequent occurrence of canine hip dysplasia in the following generations of animals. During the study period, from 1998 to 2022, a total of 3,297 radiographs of Hovawart dogs were analysed. The study period was divided into 5 groups (1998-2002; 2003-2007; 2008-2012; 2013-2017 and 2018-2022) and the dogs were divided into three groups according to the severity of hip dysplasia (CHD-A, CHD-B and CHD-C/E). The results show that there was a statistically significant decrease in the incidence of the more severe form of dysplasia during the study years, from 20.54% in 1998-2002 to 1.91% in 2018-2022. In the last period studied, 2018-2022, the proportion of CHD-A in the Hovawart population that underwent radiographic examinations was 92.99%. It can also be noted that younger dogs (up to 2 years of age) had a lower percentage of incidence of the more severe form of dysplasia (7.32%) compared to dogs over 3 years of age (12.04%). The decrease in the incidence of dysplasia from year to year clearly demonstrates the positive effect of the stricter selection of dogs entering the breeding programme in the Czech Republic.

Infectious bronchitis, caused by the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), is a highly contagious multisystem disease affecting poultry of all ages and leading to significant economic losses worldwide. IBV exhibits considerable genetic variability, with numerous genotypes and lineages associated with respiratory, reproductive, and kidney issues. This study aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology of IBV in poultry-dense areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. An outbreak-driven sampling method was used to collect a total of 425 clinical samples, including tracheal swabs and tissue specimens, from suspected flocks across different districts. Specifically, 100 samples were collected from Abbottabad and Mansehra, 90 from Mardan and Peshawar, and 45 from Malakand Division, proportionate to regional poultry populations. Viral RNA was extracted and tested using RT-PCR targeting the IBV S1 gene. Selected positive samples underwent Sanger sequencing. Sequence analysis was carried out using ClustalW in MEGA 12, and phylogenetic relationships were inferred via the Maximum Likelihood method based on the T92+G Tamura 3-parameter model with gamma distribution. The overall IBV prevalence was 29.6%. The highest prevalence was observed in Mansehra (39%), whereas Malakand Division had the lowest prevalence (7.7%). IBV detection was more frequent in young birds (35.2%) and layer flocks (33.7%) compared to broilers (30.7%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that most circulating IBV strains belong to genotype GI-1, indicating ongoing circulation of classical IBV strains in the area. These findings highlight the importance of ongoing molecular surveillance and the development of region-specific vaccines. Implementing improved biosecurity measures, such as enhanced ventilation, thorough disinfection between production cycles, and all-in–all-out flock management, is essential to reduce IBV outbreaks and improve poultry health and productivity in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

The combination of several sonographic techniques can provide important information on pathological feature of the mammary tumors. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of spectral Doppler indices and shear wave elastography (SWE) in dogs with mammary tumors and their relationship to tumor proliferation. The study consisted of malignant epithelial tumors (Group MET; n=49) and healthy mammary tissues (Group C; n=15). Ultrasonographic findings (echotexture, echogenicity, mass width, etc.), tissue Ki-67 levels, Doppler US ultrasonography and sonoelastographic measurements were performed. Ultrasonography was performed by a single experienced veterinary sonographer prior to mastectomy using Resona i9 US device equipped with a linear transducer (L20-5s). Histopathological results were used as the gold standard. Tissue Ki-67 levels were measured by using canine Ki-67 Protein (Ki67P) ELISA kit. The distribution of echotexture and echogenicity in Group MET were mostly heterogeneous and hyperechoic. Also, the most frequent vascular pattern was mixed pattern in Group MET, and vascularization amount did not differ in terms of histological grades in canine mammary carcinomas. Vvascular resistivity (RI) and pulsatility indexes (PI) were not significantly different in benign and malignant canine mammary gland tumors. Doppler spectral vascular indexes, peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end diastolic velocity (EDV) were increased in malignant tumors and showed adequate sensitivity and specificity values, as being malignancy predictors on canine mammary masses in this study. Shear wave speed and stiffness of malignant tumors were higher than healthy mammary tissue. The highest Shear wave speed and tissue elasticity were observed in Grade 3 carcinomas and in tumors larger than 5 cm. Tissue Ki-67 concentration was significantly associated with Doppler velocimetry parameters and SWE measurements. Also, Ki-67 had an accuracy in predicting malignancy in canine mammary masses with moderate sensitivity and high specificity. Tissue Ki-67, RI, PSV, Shear wave speed, and elasticity amounts have 100% specificity to distinguish the malignant mammary tumors compared to healthy mammary tissues in dogs. It was concluded that a combination of imaging techniques should be applied for a more accurate diagnosis of mammary tumors.